久久国产精品午夜一区_91精品國產高清久久久久久91_?级毛片免费全部播放_欧美色图在线视频一区二区三区_国产综合亚洲一区二区三区_中文字幕熟女网_国产精品男人爽免费视频_九九无码网战_亚洲日本三级电影在线观看_欧美日韩DVD手机在线不卡

Programmed cell death protein 1 （PD-1）, also known as CD279, is a type I transmembrane protein and a member of the CD28 immunoglobulin superfamily, encoded by the _PDCD1_ gene. It is primarily expressed on the surface of various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. PD-1 plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses by binding to its ligands, PD-L1 （B7-H1） and PD-L2 （B7-DC）, which are expressed on antigen-presenting cells and tumor cells. When PD-1 interacts with its ligands, it triggers inhibitory signals that downregulate T cell activity, preventing excessive immune responses and promoting self-tolerance. However, this pathway can also be exploited by cancer cells to evade immune surveillance, leading to tumor progression. As a result, PD-1 has become a key target in cancer immunotherapy, with several anti-PD-1 antibodies approved for treating various cancers, achieving significant and durable efficacy in some patients.